PVF- The Race Question in the United States

• john taylor morgan is a religious southern lawyer and also a confederate soldier then a brigadier general , he was also a part of the republican party
• he wanted to separate the north control from the south
• he thinks that abolition increased tendency of conflict between races
• the essay is part of journalistic campaigning to beat bills.
• The race conflict in the United Sates is, essentially, a social controversy, made by the union with the help of the government.
• them forcing their Christian faith on black people is them thinking they’re doing a service and showing sentiment towards them
• They think black people think of the right to vote only as a way to express their hatred towards their former owners
• They think if they allow black people to be equal, there would be no obstacle to their harmonious and beneficent association, in this free country, but neither laws, nor any form of constraint, can force the doors to their homes and seat them at their firesides.

TMM 82-92

• Morton won his reputation as the great data-gatherer and objectivist of American science, the man who would raise an immature enterprise from the mires of fanciful speculation
• Combe argued that Mortons’ collection would acquire true scientific value only if mental and moral worth could be read from brains.
• His evidence of brain size and skull maybe credible but is a weird concept.

Asking questions is important it is also one of the ways to increase your knowledge and know stuff. And that is why I feel the discussion convenant is important and is for the betterment of everyone in the class and also makes things clearer.

Claim- Race mixing is the determential for both the races.

Reason- Law of similarities = mingling creates a less advanced situation.

Evidence- Off spring of mixed heritage prone to illness (anecdotal)

Warrent- A prior belief of white supremacy.

How does discourse communities influence warrents?

Discourse communities act as an authority over warrents and the degree to which the warrents are wrong or right depends on the discourse communities.

Issue

• The race question in the US
• Citizenship
• Voting rights

Writer- John Tyler Morgan

• Tennesse born
• Alabama Citizen
• Lawyer
• Multiple political parties

The Gap- I believe he thinks the gap is that American’s don’t understand 2 things. 1) that history supports the inequality of the races, that blacks have always been inferior to the white race, no matter the country or the time. And saying that if you are from a different country you should go back and the feeling where people think they dont belong here.

Readers- White people

Rhetorical appeals:

• Emotional appeal- making readers feel, so as to motivate readers to a particular action.
• Trustworthiness- Trust the persona the writer creates.
• Reason appeal- claim, reason, evidence.

I think DuBois is using first person evidence because he wants to express to the readers his past experiences. Documentinhg his life so that you feel sympathy and empathy (emotional appeal).

Annotations for the Strivings of the Negro people.

• Written by Du Bois
• Established as foremost African American intellectual of 20th century
• Double consciousness resulting from being labeled as “African American” can lead to internalization of a sense of inferiority
• The essay can be read as response to PvF court logic

Negros had to go through alot to get their freedom and eventually when they got it it still seemed as if they still did not have the rights that the white people had. Basically, to say they were free but they were supressed by others in the society. One thing you learn is that getting freedom and earning it are two very different things.

Claim- Race mixing is the determential for both the races.

Reason- Law of similarities = mingling creates a less advanced situation.

Evidence- Off spring of mixed heritage prone to illness (anecdotal)

Warrent- A prior belief of white supremacy.

How does discourse communities influence warrents?

Discourse communities act as an authority over warrents and the degree to which the warrents are wrong or right depends on the discourse communities.Issue –

Issue

• The race question in the US
• Citizenship
• Voting rights

Writer- John Tyler Morgan

• Tennesse born
• Alabama Citizen
• Lawyer
• Multiple political parties

The Gap- I believe he thinks the gap is that American’s don’t understand 2 things. 1) that history supports the inequality of the races, that blacks have always been inferior to the white race, no matter the country or the time. And saying that if you are from a different country you should go back and the feeling where people think they dont belong here.

Readers- White people

Rhetorical appeals:

• Emotional appeal- making readers feel, so as to motivate readers to a particular action.
• Trustworthiness- Trust the person the writer creates.
• Reason appeal- claim, reason, evidence.
• StyleWord choice , jargon, metaphore, similie, imagery.

Issue- Race Amalgation (Interbreeding)

Audience- the audience is the whole of America ( american readers). White supremesist

The gap – Why other races interbreed with each other.

Claim- Amalgation is bad for both races and should stop for the betterment of both races.

Reasons- mixed babies are physically less capable.

Evidence- The weight of the brain that he presents which shows that the whites brain weighed the most and negro’s brain weighed the least.

Plessy vs Ferguson demonstrate two things:

How discourse and discours communities have real effects for everyday people.

How rhetoric (persuasive argument is not only influenced but based on the discourse created by the discourse communities.

1. How does Gould define biological determinism? (page 52)

It holds that shared behavioral norms , and the social and economi c difference s
between huma n groups—primarily races, classes, and sexes arise
from inherited, inborn distinctions and that society, in this sense, is
an accurate reflection of biology.

2. What are the two major sources of data that have supported this theme known as biological determinism? (page 52)

Craniometry (or measurement of the skull) and certain styles of psychological testing.

3. What have biological determinists invoked when it comes to the issue of race? (page 52)

Determinists have often invoked the traditional prestige of science as objective knowledge , free from social and political taint.

4. According to Gould on page 53, biological determinism is useful for:

Since biological determinism possesses such evident utility for groups in power , one might be excused for suspecting that it also arises in a political context, despite the denials quoted above.

5. According to Gould on page 53, for the adherents of biological determinism, changes to a social and political system based on a racial caste system seen as an extension of nature is:

After all, if the status quo is an extension of nature , then any major change , if possible at all, must inflict an enormous cost—psychological for individuals , or economic for society—in forcing people into unnatural arrangements. (Both 2 and 3)

6. Gould’s arguments against biological determinism begin by attacking which two fallacies? (page 56)

Reification and ranking.

7. In the last paragraph of page 56, what does Gould write is his book is about (his explanation continues onto page 57)?

This book, then, is about the abstraction of intelligence as a single entity, its location within the brain, its quantification as one number for each individual, and the use of these numbers to rank people in a single series of worthiness , invariably to find that oppressed and disadvantaged groups—races , classes, or sexes—are innately inferior and deserve their status. In short, this book is about the Mismeasure of Man.

8. Finish this sentence, which can be found on page 59: “In most cases discussed in this book, we can be fairly certain that biases—though often expressed as egregiously as in cases of fraud—were unknowingly influential and that scientists believed they were pursuing unsullied truth.

9. On page 60, Gould describes biological determinism as a theory of limits. What does he mean by that?

It takes the current status of groups as a measure of where they should and must be (even while it allows some rare individuals to rise as a consequence of their fortunate biology).

MARBELLI

How does Mirabelli describe the purpose this chapter? (page 541, paragraph 7)

It explores these constructed ways of ” reading” texts and (customers) along with verbal performances and other manipulations of self presentation that characterize interactive service work.

According to Mirabelli, what does being literate mean when a waiter is using the menu at Lou’s? (page 544-545, paragraph 18)

To be literate here requiers something more that a ninth- grade level of literacy. More than just a factual, or literal interpretation of the words on the page , it requiers knowldge of specific practices such as methods of food preparation- that take place in a particular restaurant.

How do waiters “get the jump” in fine dining restaurants, and why, according to Mirabelli, do these waiters do this? (page 547 paragraph 26)

To gain control of selecting items from the menu and taking the authority to selct a dish for a specific customer.

Socialization- a continuing process whereby an individual acquires a personal identity and learns the norms, values, behaviour and social skills appropriate to his or her social position.

1. Reader- People not involved in the service industry.
2. The gap- Literacies, Identifying that they’re not textual.

• Every job needs education and every worker needs to be a knowledge worker.
• Even waitresses and waiters need to be knowledgeable.
• These jobs may look easy however, there is alot of communication skills needed to perform better everyday.
• This article focuses on aspects of the food service industry and tells us that it is not only about the cook and the food it goes really deep just like every other industry.
• Important to learn the menu and know every dish specifically.
• The resturant menu is a genre unto itself.
• Important thing to understand is while working in a restaurant, it is to know about the dish and what will sell better and what will make the customer come agin and have the same experience.
• Waiter’s job is not only to describe the dish but also to sell it and that gives them the jump over the customers.
• The menue is a catalyst to communication between the waiter and the customer.

The example of HKSC is very niche, detracts from the article.

Takes too long to get to the point.

includes useless information that cant be used outside academics.

 If we take this as true, in your own words describe what you think Swales sees as the gap in this conversation he’s participating in (the conversation described by the editors in the preface to the chapter).

In your opinion, how does this piece fill that gap?

There are different definitions of D.C. and people often mix up S.C and D.C. He fills the gap by giving six characteristics of D.C.

Who do you think is the audience for this essay?

Ausience is linguist and for academic purposes.

What’s the danger of an essay like this?

Too deep for the audience and shuts down any further research.